Director of the Human Rights Institute, Moscow. Born on 24 November 1944 in Moscow, Gefter worked at the Soviet Academy of Sciences Institute of High Temperatures as a research fellow. In 1995 he began cooperation with the Memorial Human Rights Centre, where he supervised the programme "Political Repressions in the CIS Countries" and acted as a board member. Since 1998 he has been Director of the Human Rights Institute. There he is member of numerous working groups related to prisoners' rights and the reform of the judiciary. He is one of the editors of the Russian Human Rights Bulletin and lead editor of the Russian Bulletin of Amnesty International